indonesia,
political Islam,
islamic radicalism,
islamism,
Hilafatul Muslimin,
parallel Islam
Abstract
The article highlights the history of relations between secular elites and Islamists within the framework of a confrontational model, including three main stages: 1) 1945-1965: a political split, the struggle against radicals, who proclaimed the Islamic State, and its liquidation; 2) 1966-1998: a “new state” based on secular authoritarian rule and prevention of political radicalization of Islamism, which did not exclude limited concessions to believing Muslims in the early 1990s; 3) from 1998 to the present - the democratization of the political regime, which retained the confrontational model of relations with Islamic radicals, although the latter got the chance of institutionalizing their communities and parties. The article analyzes how radical Islam, represented by Hilafatul Muslimin, gradually penetrated the secular and Muslim political parties, as well as the education system. The author shows the efforts of Islamists in questioning the secular nature of Indonesian statehood and creating communities based on Sharia law. The concept of the Caliphate was central in the political ideology of the Hilafatul Muslimin, who tried to nationalize this concept and integrate it into the international radical Islam.
